People who are screened for breast cancer by AI-supported radiologists are less likely to develop aggressive cancers before their next screening round than those who are screened by radiologists alone, raising hopes that AI-assisted screening could save lives. "This is the first randomised controlled trial on the use of AI in mammography screening," says Kristina Lång at Lund University in Sweden. The AI-supported approach involves using the software - which has been trained on more than 200,000 mammography scans from 10 countries - to rank the likelihood of cancer being present in mammograms on a scale of 1 to 10, based on visual patterns in the scans. The scans receiving a score of 1 to 9 are then assessed by one experienced radiologist, while scans receiving a score of 10 - indicating cancer is most likely to be present - are assessed by two experienced radiologists. An earlier study found that this approach could detect 29 per cent more cancers than standard screening, where each mammogram is assessed by two radiologists, without increasing the rate of false detections - where a growth is flagged but follow-up tests reveal it isn't actually there or wouldn't go on to cause problems.

The relationship between artificial intelligence and labor productivity has become a central focus of economic research, with implications for policy makers, technology developers, and workers across industries. Recent empirical evidence from the transportation sector provides valuable insights into this relationship, demonstrating measurable productivity gains from AI implementation while challenging traditional narratives of technological displacement. Kanazawa et al. (2022) conducted pioneering research examining AI's impact on taxi driver productivity, finding that route-optimization systems improve performance by 14% with benefits concentrated among low-skilled drivers. Their work established important empirical foundations for understanding AI's role in augmenting rather than replacing human labor, while revealing significant distributional effects across skill levels. However, we argue that this seminal research examines only a subset of AI applications relevant to transportation operations. Current literature characterizes "AI in transportation" primarily through route-optimization algorithms, yet this represents a narrow technical focus that may underestimate AI's broader potential. Weather conditions fundamentally drive transportation demand, yet have received limited attention in AI-productivity research despite strong theoretical and empirical justifications for weather-aware systems.

Intelligence is understood as the ability to create novel skills that allow to achieve goals under previously unknown conditions. To this end, intelligence utilises reasoning methods such as deduction, induction and abduction as well as other methods such as abstraction and classification to develop a world model. The methods are applied to indirect and incomplete representations of the world, which are obtained through perception, for example, and which do not depict the world but only correspond to it. Due to these limitations and the uncertain and contingent nature of reasoning, the world model is constructivist. Its value is functionally determined by its viability, i.e., its potential to achieve the desired goals. In consequence, meaning is assigned to representations by attributing them a function that makes it possible to achieve a goal. This representational and functional conception of intelligence enables a naturalistic interpretation that does not presuppose mental features, such as intentionality and consciousness, which are regarded as independent of intelligence. Based on a phenomenological analysis, it is shown that AGI can gain a more fundamental access to the world than humans, although it is limited by the No Free Lunch theorems, which require assumptions to be made.

OpenAI's o3 achieves a high score of 87.5 % on ARC-AGI, a benchmark proposed to measure intelligence. This raises the question whether systems based on Large Language Models (LLMs), particularly o3, demonstrate intelligence and progress towards artificial general intelligence (AGI). Building on the distinction between skills and intelligence made by Fran\c{c}ois Chollet, the creator of ARC-AGI, a new understanding of intelligence is introduced: an agent is the more intelligent, the more efficiently it can achieve the more diverse goals in the more diverse worlds with the less knowledge. An analysis of the ARC-AGI benchmark shows that its tasks represent a very specific type of problem that can be solved by massive trialling of combinations of predefined operations. This method is also applied by o3, achieving its high score through the extensive use of computing power. However, for most problems in the physical world and in the human domain, solutions cannot be tested in advance and predefined operations are not available. Consequently, massive trialling of predefined operations, as o3 does, cannot be a basis for AGI - instead, new approaches are required that can reliably solve a wide variety of problems without existing skills. To support this development, a new benchmark for intelligence is outlined that covers a much higher diversity of unknown tasks to be solved, thus enabling a comprehensive assessment of intelligence and of progress towards AGI.

With the ever increasing number of active satellites in space, the rising demand for larger formations of small satellites and the commercialization of the space industry (so-called New Space), the realization of manufacturing processes in orbit comes closer to reality. Reducing launch costs and risks, allowing for faster on-demand deployment of individually configured satellites as well as the prospect for possible on-orbit servicing for satellites makes the idea of realizing an in-orbit factory promising. In this paper, we present a novel approach to an in-orbit factory of small satellites covering a digital process twin, AI-based fault detection, and teleoperated robot-control, which are being researched as part of the "AI-enabled Cyber-Physical In-Orbit Factory" project. In addition to the integration of modern automation and Industry 4.0 production approaches, the question of how artificial intelligence (AI) and learning approaches can be used to make the production process more robust, fault-tolerant and autonomous is addressed. This lays the foundation for a later realisation of satellite production in space in the form of an in-orbit factory. Central aspect is the development of a robotic AIT (Assembly, Integration and Testing) system where a small satellite could be assembled by a manipulator robot from modular subsystems. Approaches developed to improving this production process with AI include employing neural networks for optical and electrical fault detection of components. Force sensitive measuring and motion training helps to deal with uncertainties and tolerances during assembly. An AI-guided teleoperated control of the robot arm allows for human intervention while a Digital Process Twin represents process data and provides supervision during the whole production process. Approaches and results towards automated satellite production are presented in detail.

Prompt: "An AI learning to crack tough puzzle (with no text on the image)". If you have ever chatted with an AI language model like chatGPT, you might have been impressed by its coherent and well-structured answers. But does that imply these AIs can handle any query? The real challenge begins when we ask them to exercise logic and reason. We tried it on the popular Sudoku puzzle: GPT4-based ChatGPT is perfectly aware of these rules, and confident it can indeed play Sudoku.

Identifying healthcare fraud, waste and abuse is a highly evolved practice that is best done with a marriage of artificial intelligence (AI) and human intelligence (HI) capabilities. As the losses attributed to fraud continues to grow, unfortunately, we all share the responsibility of paying for it. The National Health Care Anti-Fraud Association (NHCAA) estimates that the financial losses due to health care fraud are in the tens of billions of dollars each year.1 The payment integrity review process of analyzing a healthcare claim can be strengthened by implementing a hybrid approach of both HI and AI. However, it's important to understand the benefits and limitations of each to avoid pitfalls that can arise. On July 20, 2022, the Department of Justice announced criminal charges against 36 defendants in 13 federal districts across the United States for more than $1.2 billion in alleged fraudulent telemedicine, cardiovascular and cancer genetic testing, and durable medical equipment (DME) schemes.

The Motor Imagery (MI) electroencephalography (EEG) based Brain Computer Interfaces (BCIs) allow the direct communication between humans and machines by exploiting the neural pathways connected to motor imagination. Therefore, these systems open the possibility of developing applications that could span from the medical field to the entertainment industry. In this context, Artificial Intelligence (AI) approaches become of fundamental importance especially when wanting to provide a correct and coherent feedback to BCI users. Moreover, publicly available datasets in the field of MI EEG-based BCIs have been widely exploited to test new techniques from the AI domain. In this work, AI approaches applied to datasets collected in different years and with different devices but with coherent experimental paradigms are investigated with the aim of providing a concise yet sufficiently comprehensive survey on the evolution and influence of AI techniques on MI EEG-based BCI data.

The U.S. National Defense Strategy recognizes that the joint force must be able to rapidly plan and execute operations simultaneously across all warfighting domains: land, sea, air, space and cyber. So the services and the intelligence community are working together to enable Joint All-Domain Command and Control (JADC2), a new battle command architecture for multidomain operations. But many of the conversations confuse development of resilient, cross-service communications systems (which would be an enabler for JADC2) with development of the actual sense-making and decision-making needed to advance the way we do command and control. While dumping enough data into a common data lake won't allow AI to magically make sense of the world, AI is remarkably powerful at coming up with novel strategies for winning a variety of video and board games. We need to see if those same AI approaches could help us develop courses of action for operational-level decisions in conflict about how to use a set of sensors and weapons against a set of targets and tasks. Admittedly, as we try and bring capabilities from different domains and services together, the assignment problems get more complex and difficult computationally: These aren't "games" where players take turns, there may be no way to measure the instantaneous value of a move, there's no closed-form rule book to apply and the game board changes over time and from case to case.

Neuro-symbolic systems, might recognize items using neural network pattern recognition and then uses symbolic AI reasoning to understand. Neuro-symbolic AI is a combination of neural networks and symbolic AI, which is more efficient than these two alone. It is a novel area of AI research that seeks to combine traditional rules-based AI approaches with modern deep learning techniques. Moreover, like a person, a neuro-symbolic system utilizes logic and language processing to answer the question. Symbolic AI refers to all steps on symbolic human-readable representations of the problem, solved using logic and search.